Análisis de la prescripción inducida en una comarca de atención primaria / Analysis of the induced prescription in a primary care region

Objetivos. Conocer la prevalencia, el origen y el gasto atribuible de la prescripción inducida (PI) en atención primaria (AP) en la Comarca Oeste de Gipuzkoa, determinar el grado de acuerdo de los médicos de AP con respecto a la PI y analizar la adecuación de la PI a los indicadores del contrato de gestión clínica de la AP. Material y métodos. Diseño: estudio descriptivo, transversal y multicéntrico. Ámbito: AP, 38 médicos pertenecientes a 17 unidades de AP de la Comarca Oeste de Gipuzkoa. Participantes: prescripciones farmacéuticas financiables realizadas durante 2 días en consulta a demanda y crónicas generadas por el programa informático Osabide. Variables analizadas: tipo de prescripción, origen, especialidad del prescriptor, diagnóstico, precio y grado de acuerdo. Resultados. Se realizaron 6.919 prescripciones y el 44% fueron PI (intervalo de confianza del 95%: 42,8–45,1). El 62,2% del gasto total se atribuyó a la PI, con un precio medio por receta de 22,3€ para la PI y de 10,6€ para la prescripción propia. Los subgrupos terapéuticos de mayor gasto fueron los hipolipidemiantes y los broncodilatadores. Resultados. El grado de desacuerdo de los médicos participantes con la PI fue del 28,8%. La adecuación de los indicadores de calidad de la prescripción fue mayor en la prescripción propia que en la PI. Conclusiones. Existe un porcentaje elevado de PI asociado a un gasto elevado que se atribuye a la AP. El porcentaje de desacuerdo en AP con respecto a la PI es importante. Se observa una influencia elevada de la PI en la evaluación de los indicadores de calidad establecidos en la AP(AU)

Objectives. To find out the prevalence, origin and cost associated with Induced Prescription (IP) in Primary Health Care (PHC) in the West of Gipuzkoa (WG). To find out the extent to which PHC doctors agree with IP. To analyse the adaptation of IP to PHC clinical management contract indicators. Materials and methods. Design descriptive multi-centre cross-study. Location. Primary Health Care, 38 doctors from 17 WG PHC units. Participants. Pharmaceutical prescriptions eligible for finance over a period of two days in outpatients and chronic diseases generated by the Osabide computer application. Participants. Variables analysed: type of prescription, origin, prescriber, diagnosis, price and level of agreement. Results. A total of 6.919 prescriptions were made out, with 44% (95% CI: 42.8–45.1) being IP. Of the total cost, 62.2% was put down to IP, with an average price per prescription of €22.3,and in non-induced prescription (NIP) it was €10.62. The therapeutic subgroups with the highest cost were lipid lowering and bronchodilator drugs. The level of disagreement of the doctors taking part in IP was 28.8%. The adaptation to the quality indicators of the prescription was higher in NIP than in IP. Conclusions. There is a high percentage of IP associated with high costs attributed to PHC. The percentage of disagreement in PHC with regard to IP is significant. There is a high influence of IP on the evaluation of the quality indicators established in PHC(AU)

[Analysis of the induced prescription in a primary care region]. / Análisis de la prescripción inducida en una comarca de atención primaria.

OBJECTIVES: To find out the prevalence, origin and cost associated with Induced Prescription (IP) in Primary Health Care (PHC) in the West of Gipuzkoa (WG). To find out the extent to which PHC doctors agree with IP. To analyse the adaptation of IP to PHC clinical management contract indicators. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Design descriptive multi-centre cross-study. LOCATION: Primary Health Care, 38 doctors from 17 WG PHC units. PARTICIPANTS: Pharmaceutical prescriptions eligible for finance over a period of two days in outpatients and chronic diseases generated by the Osabide computer application. Variables analysed: type of prescription, origin, prescriber, diagnosis, price and level of agreement. RESULTS: A total of 6.919 prescriptions were made out, with 44% (95% CI: 42.8-45.1) being IP. Of the total cost, 62.2% was put down to IP, with an average price per prescription of €22.3,and in non-induced prescription (NIP) it was €10.62. The therapeutic subgroups with the highest cost were lipid lowering and bronchodilator drugs. The level of disagreement of the doctors taking part in IP was 28.8%. The adaptation to the quality indicators of the prescription was higher in NIP than in IP. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high percentage of IP associated with high costs attributed to PHC. The percentage of disagreement in PHC with regard to IP is significant. There is a high influence of IP on the evaluation of the quality indicators established in PHC.

[Comorbidity, anemia and response to erythropoiesis stimulating agents in chronic hemodialysis]. / Relación entre comorbilidad, anemia y respuesta a derivados eritropoyéticos en pacientes incluidos en programa de hemodiálisis periódicas.

INTRODUCTION: Patients treated with haemodialysis have a high prevalence of co-morbidity that induces a elevate mortality risk. On the other hand, these patients have anaemia whose treatment is based in erythropoiesis stimulating agents. To date there are not enough studies to determine if co-morbidity alters erythropoietin response and the relationship between co-morbidity, response to treatment of anaemia and resistance to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. OBJECTIVES: We have the following objectives: i) to study the prevalence of associated diseases in patients treated with haemodialysis in our Hospital Unit and to evaluate the co-morbidity Charlson Index, ii) to know the degree of anaemia control, dose and response to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and iii) to determine the relationship with co-morbidity and anaemia treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We designed a retrospective study in stable haemodialysis treated patients. We calculated the Charlson co-morbidity index adjusted to age and we analysed levels of haemoglobin in the 6 months before study, dose of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and its resistance index defined as doses of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents/weight (kg)/week/haemoglobin (g/dL). The different variables included in Charlson index were considered as independent variables and the index to repose to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents as a dependent variable, using bivariant and multivariate statistical analysis. RESULTS: We included 58 patients (31 males and 27 females), median age of 69.5 years (range 24-88), mean haemodialysis 83.7 months. Mean Charlson index was 7.4 +/- 2.8 (range 2-13). Comorbidity-age Charlson index was 2 in 3.4% of patients; 10.3% had 3 or 4 points; 43.2% between 5 and 7 and 43,1% 8 or more. Mean haemoglobin levels was 11,7+/-1,2 g/dL. Mean erythropoiesis-stimulating agents dose was 163.7+/-114.5 IU/kg/week and resistance index 14.1+/-9.7. Most of patients (57%) had a IRE value higher than 10. Fourteen patients (24%) had haemoglobin less than 11 g/dL, and 3 of them (5.1%) received erythropoiesis-stimulating agents more than 300 IU/kg/week. Nine subjects (15.5%) was treated with high dose of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (>300 IU/kg/week): 3 of them had Hb>or=11 g/dL and 6 had Hb<11 g/dL. We did not found that the intensity of Charlson index is related with the degree of anaemia control or response to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. CONCLUSIONS: Although the co-morbidity index is high and the response to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents is inadequate. In our study there is not relationship between these conditions.

Relación entre comorbilidad, anemia y respuesta a derivados eritropoyéticos en pacientes incluidos en programa de hemodiálisis periódicas / The relationship between comorbidity, anemia and response to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in chronic hemodialysis

Introducción: Los pacientes en hemodiálisis presentan un elevado número de patologías asociadas. Por otro lado, la mayoría reciben derivados eritropoyéticos como tratamiento de la anemia. No hay estudios que indiquen si el grado de comorbilidad influye en la respuesta a los derivados eritropoyéticos. Objetivos: Estudiar la comorbilidad de los pacientes de una unidad de hemodiálisis hospitalaria, cuantificarla mediante el índice de comorbilidad de Charlson, conocer el control de anemia, la respuesta a derivados eritropoyéticos y, finalmente, evaluar la relación entre comorbilidad y control y tratamiento de la anemia. Pacientes y métodos: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo. Incluimos 58 pacientes en hemodiálisis del Hospital General de Ciudad Real. Recogimos datos de la historia clínica para calcular el índice de comorbilidad de Charlson. Analizamos las cifras de hemoglobina y las dosis de derivados eritropoyéticos en los seis meses previos y calculamos el índice de resistencia a derivados eritropoyéticos. Las distintas entidades incluidas en el índice de comorbilidad y el propio índice de comorbilidad se consideraron variables independientes y el índice de resistencia a derivados eritropoyéticos como variable dependiente, mediante análisis uni y multivariante. Resultados: Edad media 69,5años; 53,4% varones; tiempo medio en hemdiálisis 83,7meses. El índice de Charlson medio fue 5,2 ± 2,4 (2-11) y el ajustado a la edad 7,4 ± 2,8 (2-13). La hemoglobina media fue 11,7 ± 1,2 g/dL. El 24,1% presentaban hemoglobina inferior a 11 g/dL. La media del índice de resistencia a derivados eritropoyéticos fue 14,1 ± 9,7. No observamos que los valores del índice de Charlson se relacionaran con el grado de anemia ni con la resistencia a derivados eritropoyéticos. Conclusiones: En nuestra muestra existe una elevada comorbilidad asociada y un porcentaje importante de pacientes con anemia no controlada. No hemos encontrado relación entre la comorbilidad y el control de la anemia ni el grado de respuesta a derivados eritropoyéticos (AU)

Introduction: Patients treated with haemodialysis have a highprevalence of co-morbidity that induces a elevate mortality risk. On the other hand, these patients have anaemia whose treatment is based in eritropoyesis stimulating agents. To date there are not enough studies to determine if co-morbidity alters erythropoietin response and the relationship between co-morbidity, response to treatment of anaemia and resistance to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Objectives: We have the following Objectives: i) to study the prevalence of associated diseases in patients treated with haemodialysis in our Hospital Unit and to evaluate the co-morbidity Charlson Index; ii) to know the degree of anaemia control, dose and response to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and iii) to determine the relationship with comorbidity and anaemia treatment. Patients and methods: We designed a retrospective study in stable haemodialysis treated patients. We calculated the Charlson co-morbidity index adjusted to age and we analysed levels of haemoglobin in the 6months before study, dose of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and its resistance index defined as doses of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents/weight (kg)/week/haemoglobin (g/dL). The different variables included in Charlson index were considered as independent variables and the index to repose to erythropoiesisstimulating agents as a dependent variable, using bivariant and multivariate statistical analysis. Results: We included 58 patients(31 males and 27 females), median age of 69.5 years (range 24-88), mean haemodialysis 83,7 months. Mean Charlson index was 7.4 ± 2.8 (range 2-13). Comorbidity-age Charlson index was 2 in 3.4% of patients; 10.3% had 3 or 4 points; 43.2% between 5 and 7 and 43.1% 8 or more. Mean haemoglobin levels was 11.7±1.2 g/dL. Mean erythropoiesis-stimulating agents dose was 163.7 ± 114.5 IU/kg/week and resistance index 14.1 ± 9.7. Most of patients (57%) had a IRE value higher than 10. Forteen patients (24%) had haemoglobin less than 11 g/dL, and 3 of them (5.1%) received erythropoiesis-stimulating agents more than 300 IU/kg/week. Nine subjects (15.5%) was treated with high dose of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (> 300 IU/kg/week): 3 of them had Hb ≥ 11 g/dL and 6 had Hb < 11 g/dL. We did not found that the intensity of Charlson index is related with the degree of anaemia control or response to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Conclusions: Althought in our study the comorbidity index is high and the response to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents is inadequate, there is not relationship between these conditions (AU)

[Membranous nephropathy associated to autoimmune thyroiditis, chronic pancreatitis and suprarrenal insufficiency]. / Nefropatía membranosa asociada a tiroiditis, pancreatitis crónica e insuficiencia suprarrenal de etiología inmune.

A 33 year old female was admitted to the hospital to study aedema and bocio, A nephrotic syndrome was diagnosed and the renal biopsy demonstrated membranous glomerulonephritis, stage II. She was also diagnosed of Hashimoto's autoinmmune thyroiditis: TSH (41.5 uUl/ml), T4 (0.07 ng/dl), antithyroglobuline (1/2560) and antimicrosome (1/6400). Four year latter she was diagnosed of autoinmmune pancreatitis, without evidence of diabetes mellitus or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Eight years latter she was diagnosed of primary autoimmune suprarrenal insufficiency: basal cortisol: 2.7 mcg/dl, post ACTH estimulated cortisol: 5.6 mcg/dl, antinuclear antibody (1/160) and antiparietal (1/320). We present a pluriglandular autoimmune syndrome with membranous glomerulonephritis, thyroiditis, pancreatitis and suprarrenal insufficiency. To the best of our knowledge this complex syndrome has not been previously described.

[Therapy with interferon plus ribavirin in hemodialysis patient with PCR-positive viral hepatitis C]. / Tratamiento con interferón a y ribavirina en un paciente de hemodiálisis virus C, PCR positivo.

Traditionally, the treatment of viral hepatitis C (positive Polymerase Chain Reaction -PCR-) was with Interferon. A combination of Interferon plus Ribavirin has been producing better results in last years. Currently, Ribavirin is not indicated for patients with Chronic Kidney Disease because of a high risk of severe anaemia. In a few cases, this treatment is producing good results with previous dose adjustment. We show a case of a 28-year-old man with Chronic Kidney Disease on treatment with periodical hemodialysis and chronic hepatopathy HCV Positive RNA HCV (> 1,000,000 copies/ml) and persistent transaminase elevation. Before kidney transplantation, we decided to use Interferon (3,000,000 IU/48 hours) and Ribavirin (200 mg/24 hours) treatment. After 15 days, we saw normal transaminase values and HCV RNA was negative. The patient required temporary suspension of Ribavirin and two red blood cell transfusions due to severe anaemia. Ribavirin was reintroduced 200 mg/48 h posthemodialysis. The patient did not present any complication again, and could be treated for 14 months. After next 11 months of evolution the patient has normal rates of liver function and negative HCV RNA values.

[Ionic dialysance to control the dose of dialysis. One year experience]. / Utilidad de la dialisancia iónica para control de la dosis de diálisis. Experiencia de un año.

The Diascan equipment (Hospal) measures ionic dialysane which it derives the K and the Kt. If we divide the Kt obtained with Diascan between the Kt/V obtained by a simplified formula, it result a value of V for every patient. Entering this V in the Diascan software we can obtain a Kt/V (Diascan Kt/V), similar in theory to the simplified Kt/V. In the year 2002 we have controlled the delivered dialysis in our unit with the Diascan Kt/V. The aim of the present study was to study the agreement between de Diascan Kt/V and the Lowrie Kt/V. During the year 2002, 63 patients have been dialyzed in monitors with Diascan equipment. We calculated the V of each patient by dividing the Kt Diascan between the Lowrie Kt/V in the same dialysis session. The mea of the two consecutive measurements was considered the V value. Throughout the year 2002, 7 agreement studies were realized. The inter-method variability was assessed by the relative difference (absolute difference Diascan Kt/V-Lowrie Kt/V, divided by the average of both tests). A good agreement was considered when the relative difference was equal or lower than 10%. In the 7 agreement studies realized, the mean of the relative difference oscilled between 5.2 and 6.6%, and the percentage of patients with a relative difference equal or lower than 10% oscilled between 83 and 91%. During a month, the Diascan Kt/V was controlled in all dialysis sessions in 41 patients (554 sessions in total). Failure in the lecture of Kt/V Diascan was observed in 41 sessions (7%). A Diascan Kt/V greater than 1 (the minimum delivered dialysis considered in our unit) was obtained in 93% of the valid sessions. 38 of 41 patients had a mean monthly Diascan Kt/V greater than 1. The coefficient of variability of any patient oscilled between 2.1 and 12.4% (mean 5.1%). Diascan Kt/V is good procedure for the monitoring the delivered dialysis without blood sampling or any additional costs.

Renal transplant recipient outcome after losing the first graft.

Renal transplantation is the optimal therapy for end-stage renal failure and considerable attention has been given to graft and patient survival and the effectiveness of immunosuppressive regimens. However, little attention has been given to outcome for patients who lose their grafts. We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of the 793 first renal transplants performed at our institution between November 1979 and December 2001. A total of 348 patients lost their grafts, 116 by death with a functioning graft (33.3%) and 232 patients for other causes (66.7%). Eighty-six patients (37.1%) received a second transplant 3.5+/-2.4 years after returning to dialysis and the remainder continued on dialysis. Retransplanted patients were younger at the time of the first transplant (P=.000), and both time on dialysis (P=.012) and duration of graft function (P=.057) were shorter than for those remaining on dialysis. Therefore, retransplant patient survival at 1, 5, and 10 years was better than among those patients on dialysis not included on the waiting list (P<.001), but when compared with the relisted patients the survival rate was almost identical (96%, 85%, and 67% vs 97%, 82%, and 67%; P=NS). Almost 40% of patients who lost their first grafts were retransplanted. We did not observe differences in patient survival between retransplant and relisted patients. Because the number of cases is limited, our results need to be confirmed by larger series.

Utilidad de la dialisancia iónica para control de la dosis de diálisis. Experiencia de un año / Ionic dialysante to control the dosis of dialysis. One year experience

Introducción: Mediante el cálculo de la dialisancia iónica, el monitor Diascan (Hospal) permite obtener el valor del aclaramiento de urea (K) y del Kt en cada sesión de hemodiálisis. Si dividimos el Kt así obtenido por el Kt/V calculado por cualquiera de las fórmulas al uso, obtendremos para cada enfermo un valor de V acorde al método utilizado para calcular el Kt/V. Introduciendo el valor V de cada enfermo, el programa Diascan proporciona un valor Kt/V de forma automática y sin precisar reactivo. Objetivo: Durante el año 2002 hemos controlado la dosis de diálisis de los enfermos de nuestra unidad mediante el Kt/V del Diascan (Kt/V Diascan). El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido estudiar la concordancia entre el Kt/V Diascan y el Kt/V calculado por el método de Lowrie de 1983 (Kt/V Lowrie83).Material y métodos: El estudio ha sido realizado en los 63 enfermos crónicos que a lo largo del año 2002 se han dializado en un monitor Integra (Hospal) equipado con el sistema Diascan. En cada enfermo se calculó V dividiendo el Kt Diascan entre el KtV Lowrie83. El cálculo se hizo en dos sesiones de diálisis consecutivas, utilizando como V la media de las dos medidas. El valor V de cada enfermo fue introducido en su programa Diascan y de esta forma obtuvimos un valor Kt/V Diascan en todas las sesiones de hemodiálisis. A lo largo del año 2002 hemos realizado 7 estudios de concordancia entre Kt/V" Diascan y Kt/V Lowrie83. La concordancia entre ambos procedimientos (variabilidad intermétodo) se ha estudiado mediante su diferencia relativa = 100 × (diferencia absoluta Kt/V Lowrie83-Lt/V Diascan)/media de ambos Kt/V. Se consideró que la concordancia entre ambos métodos era aceptable cuando la variabilidad intermétodo era igual o inferior al 10 por ciento.Para valorar la utilidad del Kt/V Diascan en el control diario de la dosis de diálisis, se analizó su valor en todas las sesiones de diálisis realizadas en un mes elegido de forma arbitraria (julio de 2002). Durante todo ese mes se dializaron 41 enfermos en un monitor Integra con control Diascan. El número total de se siones analizadas fue de 554. En cada enfermo se estudió la variabilidad de la dosis de diálisis que recibió en todas las sesiones de ese mes. Resultados: En los 7 estudios de concordancia realizados no se objetivó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos procedimientos, la variabilidad intermétodo media osciló entre el 5,2 y el 6,6 por ciento y el porcentaje de casos con variabilidad intermétodo igual o inferior al 10 por ciento estuvo comprendido entre el 83 y el 91 por ciento. En 11 de los 63 enfermos hubo que reajustar el valor de V durante el período de seguimiento. De las 554 sesiones realizadas con control Diascan durante un mes, en 41 (7 por ciento) se produjo fallo de lectura. En el 93 por ciento de las 513 sesiones válidas, el Kt/V Diascan fue superior a 1. De los 41 enfermos analizados durante ese mes, en 38 (93 por ciento) el Kt/V medio del mes fue superior a 1. El coeficiente de variación de la dosis de diálisis de cada enfermo en todas las sesiones recibidas en el mes, osciló entre 2,1 por ciento y 12,4 por ciento siendo la media de 5,1 por ciento. Conclusiones: Nuestra experiencia a lo largo de un año indica que el Kt/V Diascan mantiene una buena correlación con el Kt/V simplificado que ha sido utilizado como referencia. De forma periódica es necesario realizar estudios de concordancia para detectar posibles variaciones en el volumen de distribución de la urea de cada enfermo. El Kt/V Diascan un dato bastante fidedigno de la dosis de diálisis administrada a cada enfermo al final de cada sesión (AU)

[Interference in blood coagulation tests on lipemic plasma. Correction using n-hexane clearing]. / Interferencias en las pruebas de coagulación sanguínea en plasmas lipémicos. Corrección mediante el aclaramiento con N-hexano.

PURPOSE: To eliminate the bias in the plasmatic coagulation test caused by lipemic samples by means of with addition of n-hexane in the ACL-3000 analyzer (Instrumentation Laboratory). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The turbidity caused by lipemia was simulated by addition of increasing quantities of Intralipid 20% (interferent) to samples from patients with normal pathological coagulation tests (with oral anticoagulant therapy). We compared the results of PT (prothrombin time), fibrinogen (derived) and APTT (activated partial thromboplastin time) before and after the addition of n-hexane. RESULTS: In samples with an elevated concentration of interferent (> 9.79 mmol/L of triglycerides) the analyzer failed to give any results. Once the lipids were cleared by n-hexane, the analyzer offered results for all the samples, which coincided with the original sample after applying a correction factor 1.06 to the TP and 0.88 to the TTPA. CONCLUSION: The addition of n-hexane is a valid method to eliminate the bias caused by the lipids in the coagulation tests.

Automation of a spectrophotometric method for measuring L -carnitine in human blood serum.

A spectrometric method for the determination of L-carnitine has been developed based on the reaction of the 5,5' dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic) acid (DTNB) and adapted to a Technicon RA-2000 automatic analyser Química Farmacéutica Bayer, S.A.). The detection limit of the method is 13.2 mumol/l, with a measurement interval ranging from 30 to 320 mumoll1. Imprecision and accuracy are good even at levels close to the detection limit (coeffcient of variation of 5.4% for within-run imprecision for a concentration of 35 mumol/l). A good correlation was observed between the method studied and the radiometric method. The method evaluated has suffcient analytical sensitivity to diagnose carnitine deficiencies. The short time period required for sample processing (30 samples in 40min), the simple methodology and apparatus, the ease of personnel training and the low cost of the reagents make this method a good alternative to the classical radiometric method for evaluating serum L-carnitine in clinical laboratories without radioactive installations.

European multicentre evaluation of the Super Aution SA-4220 urinalysis analyser.

A multicentre evaluation of the urine test strip analyser Super Aution-4220 was carried out in six laboratories. The analytical performance of the instrument with regard to imprecision, linearity, detection limit, drift, carry-over and method comparison was studied. Using the Aution stick 8 test strip the pH, glucose, protein, ketones, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen and leukocyte esterase were analysed. Specific gravity measurements were performed by refractive index method. Within-run and between-run imprecision determined at three levels of analyte were good. No carry-over was observed. Obtained results were linear through all the described analytical range. No significant drift was detected. Method comparison with some quantitative methods was performed and showed a good correlation with most of the analytes. The study of interferences showed minor interferences by common therapeutic drugs with the measurement of some analytes. During the assessment period of about 6 months no breakdown occurred in any laboratory. The Super Aution urine analyser appeared to be a highly automated analyser of urinary test strips. The operation was simple and the maintenance required only a few minutes a day.

Efecto de la contaminación con hidrocarburos sobre geohongos saprotropos / Effect of hydrocarbon pollution on saprotrophic soil fungi

Se investigó la variación de la micota saprotrofa de suelos contaminados con hidrocarburos y testigos. El número de propágulos fúngicos en los suelos contaminados fue mucho menor que en el testigo. Aspergillus foetidus y A. niger fueron muy afectados por la contaminación. Cylindrocarpon didymun, Fusarium solani y Penicillium restrictum mantuvieron sus frecuencias en la parcela contaminada en relación a la testigo. Penicillium thomii (en profundidad), Talaromyces helicus y T. rotundus tuvieron frecuencias más altas en la parcela contaminada que en la testigo. Rhizoctonia sp. (en superficie) y Trichoderma harzianum aumentaron sus frecuencias en la parcela contaminada al final del ensayo. Las relaciones de los isoprenoides con sus respectivos normales (pristano nC17 y fitano nC18) demostraron que la degradación del hidrocarburo en el suelo fue escasa